The ability to detect live samples and to reject fake or "spoof" sample is essential to biometric system operations. IBG has developed advanced tools and techniques to identify, measure, and mitigate biometric system vulnerabilities. For example, IBG’s Spoof Effectiveness and Resistance Testing (SERT) methodology evaluates the susceptibility of biometric devices to spoof attacks. SERT has been used to evaluate vulnerabilities of fingerprint, face, and iris recognition systems. IBG has also developed methodologies to examine the impact of uncooperative subject behavior on biometric performance.